What methods can be used to test the integrity of tubes in a shell-and-tube heat exchanger?

Tube integrity is commonly tested using hydrostatic or air pressure methods. Hydrostatic testing involves filling one side of the exchanger with water and applying pressure above normal operating levels. Any pressure drop or visible leaks indicate a problem. Alternatively, air testing with a soap solution can be used by introducing compressed air into the tubes and checking for bubbles that reveal leaks.